USA - Reciprocal Tariffs by Country
- Adam C
- Aug 1
- 14 min read
Updated: Aug 2
Updated: 01-AUG-2025
On July 31, 2025, President Trump issued an executive order modifying reciprocal tariff rates on imports from dozens of countries to address persistent trade deficits and national security threats. The order replaces prior duties with new rates, effective for goods entered on or after August 7, 2025 (12:01 a.m. EDT), except for in-transit goods until October 5, 2025.
White House Conclusion: Tariffs aim to align foreign rates with US interests, with a 40% penalty for transshipment evasion; monitoring continues for further adjustments.
US Import Tariffs Update: Key Changes Effective August 2025
Deep Dive into 4 Major Exporters:
Tariffs on Imports from China
China faces layered tariffs under the new regime, with a base reciprocal rate of 34% per Annex I, held amid ongoing negotiations until August 12, 2025. Prior increases include 20% from March 3, escalating from 10% in February, plus Section 232 duties at 50% on steel and aluminum (up from 25% in June) and 25% on autos. A 90-day truce from May reduced a threatened 125% rate to 10%, but de minimis exemptions ended in May, imposing 54% on low-value postal items. Section 301 probes into semiconductors and shipbuilding continue, potentially adding 20-100% duties.
Tariffs on Imports from Taiwan
Taiwan is subject to a 20% ad valorem tariff under the reciprocal framework, effective August 7, with no major changes noted in recent updates. Unlike China, Taiwan lacks specific Section 301 or 232 escalations in the 2025 timeline, though it may face indirect impacts from broader Asia-Pacific negotiations. No de minimis removal or truce applies, but general exemptions for certain supply chain items could mitigate effects if aligned with US security pacts.
Tariffs on Imports from Mexico
Mexico's tariffs include a 30% increase announced for August 1 but paused for 90 days pending negotiations, with USMCA exemptions for compliant goods. Base rates started at 25% on most imports from March 4 (10% on potash), plus 50% on steel/aluminum and 25% on autos/parts under Section 232. The July 12 letter signaled the hike to pressure border and trade issues, but ongoing talks may adjust or waive duties, emphasizing reciprocal commitments.
Tariffs on Imports from India
India incurs a 25% tariff rate per the executive order's modifications, with no pauses or truces as of August 1. Absent specific 2025 escalations in Section 232 or 301 actions, the focus remains on reciprocal alignment for trade barriers. Negotiations are limited, but potential retaliatory measures from India could arise, with monitoring for supply chain diversification in tech and pharmaceuticals.
Updated: 01-AUG-2025
Unlisted countries: 10% default ad valorem duty.
Country | Tariff Rate | Important Notes |
Afghanistan | 15% | - |
Algeria | 30% | - |
Angola | 15% | - |
Bangladesh | 20% | - |
Bolivia | 15% | - |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 30% | - |
Botswana | 15% | - |
Brazil | 10% | Up to 50% on most goods in some reports. |
Brunei | 25% | - |
Cambodia | 19% | Paused from higher rates until Aug 1. |
Cameroon | 15% | - |
Canada | - | 35% on many goods effective Aug 1; exemptions for USMCA-compliant. |
Chad | 15% | - |
China | - | Ongoing negotiations; rates held until Aug 12; prior increases to 30%+. |
Costa Rica | 15% | - |
Côte d'Ivoire | 15% | - |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 15% | - |
Ecuador | 15% | - |
Equatorial Guinea | 15% | - |
European Union | Goods >15% Column 1: 0%; <15%: 15% minus Column 1 | Special calculation; wine/spirits at 15% from Aug 1. |
Falkland Islands | 10% | - |
Fiji | 15% | - |
Ghana | 15% | - |
Guyana | 15% | - |
Iceland | 15% | - |
India | 25% | - |
Indonesia | 19% | - |
Iraq | 35% | - |
Israel | 15% | - |
Japan | 15% | - |
Jordan | 15% | - |
Kazakhstan | 25% | - |
Laos | 40% | - |
Lesotho | 15% | - |
Libya | 30% | - |
Liechtenstein | 15% | - |
Madagascar | 15% | - |
Malawi | 15% | - |
Malaysia | 19% | - |
Mauritius | 15% | - |
Mexico | - | 30% increase paused 90 days; exemptions for USMCA. |
Moldova | 25% | - |
Mozambique | 15% | - |
Myanmar (Burma) | 40% | - |
Namibia | 15% | - |
Nauru | 15% | - |
New Zealand | 15% | - |
Nicaragua | 18% | - |
Nigeria | 15% | - |
North Macedonia | 15% | - |
Norway | 15% | - |
Pakistan | 19% | - |
Papua New Guinea | 15% | - |
Philippines | 19% | - |
Serbia | 35% | - |
South Africa | 30% | - |
South Korea | 15% | - |
Sri Lanka | 20% | - |
Switzerland | 39% | - |
Syria | 41% | - |
Taiwan | 20% | - |
Thailand | 19% | - |
Trinidad and Tobago | 15% | - |
Tunisia | 25% | - |
Turkey | 15% | - |
Uganda | 15% | - |
United Kingdom | 10% | - |
Vanuatu | 15% | - |
Venezuela | 15% | - |
Vietnam | 20% | - |
Zambia | 15% | - |
Zimbabwe | 15% | - |
Key Tariff Policies and Mechanisms
The Trump administration employs multiple legal frameworks to impose tariffs:
Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act: Authorizes tariffs on imports deemed a threat to national security.
Steel and Aluminum: The 25% Section 232 tariffs on steel and derivative products remain in force, with exceptions for U.S.-UK trade agreements and WTO-compliant aviation goods. As of June 4, 2025, these tariffs doubled to 50%. They have also expanded to include household appliances containing steel, such as refrigerators, washing machines, and dishwashers, effective June 23, 2025. (AInvest, China Briefing, Tariffs in the second Trump administration)
Automobiles and Auto Parts: A 25% tariff on imported automobiles and auto parts from all countries took effect on April 3, 2025. While USMCA-compliant goods were initially exempt, this exemption closed on April 3. (China Briefing, Tariffs in the second Trump administration)
Copper: A 50% tariff on a range of semi-finished copper products and copper-intensive derivative goods (e.g., pipes, wires, cables, connectors) became effective August 1, 2025. Exemptions include refined copper, ores, concentrates, cathodes, and scrap. These copper tariffs do not stack with other Section 232 tariffs. (AInvest, China Briefing, Tariffs in the second Trump administration)
Other Investigations: Probes are ongoing for potential Section 232 tariffs on pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, timber, lumber, processed critical minerals, trucks, and commercial aircraft. (Tariffs in the second Trump administration)
International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA): Invoked by President Trump on April 2, 2025, under Executive Order 14257, declaring a "national emergency" over the U.S. trade deficit.
"Liberation Day" Tariffs: This policy introduced a 10% baseline tariff on imports from nearly all countries, effective April 5, 2025. Additional country-specific "reciprocal tariffs" ranging from 11% to 50% were initially planned for April 9 but were largely paused due to market volatility. (Liberation Day tariffs, Tariffs in the second Trump administration)
Reciprocal Tariff Calculation: The administration's formula for these "reciprocal" tariffs is based on dividing the U.S. trade deficit with a country by the value of U.S. imports from that country, with the applied tariff rate being half of that result. This formula has been heavily criticized by economists as "overly simplistic with little relation to trade barriers." (Liberation Day tariffs, Tariffs in the second Trump administration)
Legal Challenges: The use of IEEPA for tariffs has faced legal challenges, with the U.S. Court of International Trade ruling it unconstitutional. However, these rulings are on hold pending appeal, allowing the tariffs to remain in effect. (Liberation Day tariffs, Tariffs in the second Trump administration, Indian Journal of Integrated Research in Law)
Section 301 Tariffs: Long-standing tariffs targeting China's "unfair trade practices," some dating back to 2018. These often stack with other tariffs. (China Briefing)
Fentanyl Tariffs: An additional 20% tariff on all Chinese goods, imposed via executive orders in February and March 2025, justified by concerns over illicit drug trade. (China Briefing, Indian Journal of Integrated Research in Law)
De Minimis Exemption Closure: The $800 de minimis exemption, which allowed low-value shipments to enter duty-free, was closed for China and Hong Kong on May 3, 2025, and is set to end globally on August 29, 2025. This significantly impacts e-commerce companies like Shein and Temu. (China Briefing, Tariffs in the second Trump administration)
Secondary Tariffs: A new policy threatening tariffs on third-party countries that trade with targeted nations (e.g., 25% on countries buying Venezuelan oil; proposals for 500% tariffs on countries buying Russian oil, gas, or uranium). (Tariffs in the second Trump administration)
NOTE: * Including currency manipulation and trade barriers, according to White House
Timeline of Events - 2025
2025
January 1: Tariffs on semiconductors imported from China increase to 50% under the Section 301 four-year review.
January 20: Donald Trump is inaugurated for his second term, pledging to "immediately begin the overhaul of our trade system."
January 26: A dispute arises between Colombia and the US over deportation flights, leading to reciprocal 25% tariffs, escalating to 50% within a week if not resolved.
February 1: President Trump issues Executive Orders imposing new tariffs: 25% on imports from Canada and Mexico, and 10% on imports from China (referred to as "fentanyl tariffs"). He declares national emergencies regarding fentanyl trafficking and invokes the IEEPA.
February 3: After negotiations, Trump agrees to a one-month delay on tariffs for Canada and Mexico.
February 4: US "fentanyl" tariff of 10% on all Chinese goods takes effect. Treasurer Jim Chalmers of Australia states he prefers to avoid retaliatory measures to potential US tariffs. Fiji's Minister for Trade expresses concerns about a global trade war.
February 7: Trump temporarily suspends the closure of the de minimis exemption for China to avoid processing backlogs.
February 10: China retaliates against US tariffs by imposing 15% tariffs on coal and LNG, and 10% on crude oil, machinery, and vehicles, along with export controls on rare earth metals. US raises tariff on aluminum from 10% to 25% for all countries.
February 11: Section 232 tariffs on steel and aluminum imports globally are reactivated; UK exempted at 25%.
February 13: Trump announces plans to impose "reciprocal tariffs" on all countries with trade barriers against the US in April.
February 21: Trump issues a presidential memorandum ordering an investigation into Digital Service Taxes (DSTs).
February 25: Trump orders a probe into copper imports in preparation for a Section 232 tariff.
February 27: Trump reaffirms planned tariffs on Mexico and Canada, stating "drugs are still pouring into our Country."
March 3: China-specific "fentanyl" tariff doubled from 10% to 20%.
March 4: Tariffs on Canada and Mexico officially take effect. China implements retaliatory tariffs (10-15% on US agricultural products, suspension of US lumber imports, revocation of soybean import licenses for some US firms).
March 5: Trump delays tariffs on USMCA-compliant automakers.
March 6: Trump extends the delay of tariffs to all USMCA-compliant goods until April 2.
March 10: China implements 15% tariffs on chicken, wheat, corn, and cotton, and 10% on soybeans, pork, beef, fruits, vegetables, and dairy in retaliation for US fentanyl-related tariffs.
March 12: US imposes 25% tariffs on all steel and aluminum imports, eliminating all exemptions and raising the aluminum tariff from 10% to 25%. The EU announces a two-phase retaliatory plan targeting €26 billion in US imports.
March 13: Canada retaliates with 25% tariffs on an additional $20.6 billion of US goods.
March 20: EU delays implementing retaliatory tariffs on US goods to mid-April.
March 24: Trump signs an executive order imposing a 25% secondary tariff on nations that purchase oil from Venezuela.
March 26: Trump announces a 25% tariff on imports of automobiles and automobile parts from all trade partners into the US, effective April 3.
March 27: US imposes 25% tariff on all car imports, significantly affecting Germany.
March 30: China, South Korea, and Japan's trade ministers meet to discuss trilateral free trade agreement goals in response to Trump tariffs. Trump dismisses Bloomberg's report of tariffs only targeting 10-15 countries, reiterating plans for global implementation.
April 1: Commerce Department initiates a Section 232 investigation into pharmaceuticals. Senator Lindsey Graham introduces the Sanctioning Russia Act.
April 2 ("Liberation Day"): Trump signs Executive Orders 14257 and 14256. EO 14257 declares a national emergency over the US trade deficit, imposing a universal 10% baseline tariff on imports from nearly all countries effective April 5, with country-specific "reciprocal tariffs" (11-50%) for 57 countries starting April 9. EO 14256 closes the de minimis exemption for China and Hong Kong, effective May 2. Aluminum tariffs are widened to include empty aluminum cans and canned beer. Trump announces a 14% tariff on Nigerian goods. Trump imposes a 31% tariff on South Africa. Trump imposes an 18% tariff on Zimbabwe. Trump imposes a 10% reciprocal tariff on imports from El Salvador. Trump imposes the base 10% tariff on Brazil. Trump announces a 46% reciprocal tariff on Vietnam. Trump announces a 32% reciprocal tariff on Taiwanese goods, excluding semiconductors. Trump imposes a 17% import duty on Israeli goods. Trump imposes reciprocal tariffs of 25% on South Korea. Trump imposes a 20% tariff on all European Union imports, effective April 9. Trump imposes a 27% "reciprocal tariff" on imports from India. Philippines is assigned a 17% tariff.
April 3: Auto tariffs (25%) take effect. Global stock markets tumble. Australia states it will not impose reciprocal tariffs. Israel offers to remove tariffs on all US goods. South Korea's acting president calls for negotiation. Taiwan's government calls tariffs "unreasonable" but chooses not to retaliate.
April 4: South Africa announces it will not retaliate and will instead negotiate exemptions.
April 5: Universal 10% "reciprocal tariff" on all imports takes effect. Vietnamese leader To Lam asks Trump to delay tariffs for at least 45 days.
April 6: Zimbabwe becomes the first country to scrap tariffs on all US goods.
April 7: Japan's Nikkei 225 stock market index falls by 7.8%. Japan's PM Ishiba asks Trump to reconsider tariffs. The EU offers US a "zero-for-zero" tariff agreement on industrial goods.
April 8: China raises reciprocal tariff on US from 34% to 84%. Israeli PM Netanyahu visits Trump to discuss tariffs, but Trump declines to remove the 17% tariff. Singapore states it will not retaliate on US tariffs. South Korea's acting president calls for negotiation rather than retaliation.
April 9: Planned US country-specific "reciprocal tariffs" for 56 countries are paused for 90 days. EU approves a reduced package of 25% retaliatory tariffs on €21 billion worth of US imports, set to take effect April 15. Canada implements a 25% tariff on non-USMCA compliant US-made vehicles. Trump announces a 50% tariff on copper imports will take effect August 1. Brazil's National Congress passes a "Trade Reciprocity Law."
April 10: China imposes a 34% tariff on all US goods, matching the US tariff. China raises tariffs to 84%. Philippines initiates negotiations to lower tariffs.
April 11: China raises tariffs to 125% and states it will not raise them further. US further exempts electronics (smartphones, computers) from "reciprocal" tariffs.
April 15: Canada announces several measures to provide relief from tariffs, including a 6-month pause on tariffs on US imports.
April 16: The first meeting of Singapore's task force on US tariffs is held.
April 21: CEOs of major US retailers warn Trump that the trade war with China would lead to visible price increases and product shortages in two weeks.
April 22: Commerce Department finalizes plans for tariffs on solar panels from Southeast Asian nations, with products from Cambodia facing 3,521% duties. Trump states tariffs on Chinese imports would "come down substantially, but it won't be zero."
April 24: Norwegian Prime Minister and Finance Minister meet with Trump to discuss trade tariffs.
April 28: Mark Carney leads the Liberal Party to victory in the Canadian federal election.
April 29: Trump exempts carmakers who pay 25% on imported cars from other tariffs, and provides a rebate on a proportion of tariffs paid for the next two years.
May 1: US Customs confirms USMCA-compliant auto parts are exempt from tariffs.
May 2: Chinese e-commerce company Temu announces it will stop selling goods from China directly to US customers.
May 3: China de minimis rate (basement exemptions) is closed.
May 4: Trump announces he would authorize a 100% tariff on all films "produced in foreign lands."
May 6: Officials from the US and China plan to start talks over trade conflicts in Switzerland. Australian government calls US tariffs on foreign films "unjustified."
May 8: Trump announces the first trade deal of his second administration with the UK. EU proposes retaliatory tariffs on nearly €100 billion of US imports. Trump threatens to stop Barbie dolls from being sold in US if Mattel diversifies production away from US.
May 12: US and China agree to drastically reduce tariff rates for 90 days (US reduces Chinese tariffs to 30%, China reduces US tariffs to 10%). Trump signs Executive Order 14298, reducing the tariff on Chinese de minimis shipments from 120% to 54%.
May 13: The S&P 500 turns positive for the year.
May 14: US court stays rulings blocking tariffs, allowing them to remain temporarily.
May 18: China’s MOFCOM announces a 74.9% anti-dumping tariff on US companies exporting polyformaldehyde copolymer (POM copolymer) to China, effective May 19 for five years.
May 21: Trump meets with South African President Cyril Ramaphosa, who proposes a deal involving LNG purchases and duty-free export quotas.
May 23: Trump proposes a "straight 50% Tariff on the European Union" starting from June 1.
May 25: Trump announces the 50% EU tariff would be delayed to July 9 after a call with Ursula von der Leyen.
May 28: The United States Court of International Trade rules Trump overstepped his authority in imposing tariffs under the IEEPA and orders the "Liberation Day" tariffs to be vacated.
May 29: The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit issues a stay, allowing the tariffs to remain in effect.
May 31: Trump announces he will raise the tariff rate on steel and aluminum imports from all countries to 50% from June 4.
June 3: Trump administration sends Vietnam a "long" list of "tough" requests during tariff talks.
June 4: US steel and aluminum tariffs doubled from 25% to 50%.
June 10: American Chamber of Commerce in Taiwan urges Washington to cancel import taxes on Taiwanese goods.
June 11: Trump declares the trade deal with China "done," though China downplays it as a framework.
June 12: Steel tariffs expanded to include household appliances like refrigerators and dishwashers.
June 16: The Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) of the US Department of Commerce adds several household appliances to the tariff list of steel-derivative items, effective June 23.
June 17: At the 51st G7 summit, Canada and the US pledge to work on a deal within the next 30 days.
June 22-27: South Korea and the U.S. hold discussions and negotiations in Washington D.C., but fail to reach a breakthrough.
June 27: Trump threatens to end all trade talks unless Canada removes its new digital services tax.
June 29: Canada drops its digital services tax.
July 1: Trump says the US and India are nearing a deal.
July 2: US and Vietnam reach an agreement on tariffs after Trump threatens to raise tariffs. Trump threatens Japan to raise its country-specific tariff to 35%.
July 7: Trump signs Executive Order 14316, extending the modification of reciprocal tariff rates, delaying the country-specific "reciprocal" tariffs again from July 8 to August 1. Trump threatens to impose "tariffs at very high rate, like 200%", on imported pharmaceuticals.
July 8: Trump orders a 50% tariff on copper imports, effective August 1.
July 9: Trump announces new "reciprocal tariffs" of 30% on imports from Mexico and 35% on those from Canada. Trump announces US will impose a 50% tariff on Brazilian goods, criticizing Bolsonaro's trial. Trump hosts leaders of five West African nations and states they will not be included in upcoming US tariffs.
July 10: China imposes a 34% tariff on all US goods.
July 11: Trump announces increased tariffs on Canada (from 25% to 35%) will take effect at midnight.
July 12: Trump announces goods imported from the EU will face 30% tariffs starting August 1.
July 14: Trump threatens to impose 100% tariffs on Russia if there is no peace deal with Ukraine within 50 days. Nigeria's US exports plummet amid rising trade tensions and Trump's tariffs.
July 16: Trump announces a trade deal with Indonesia, imposing 19% tariffs and requiring Indonesia to buy 50 Boeing jets. South African central bank chief states 100,000 jobs are at risk from Trump tariffs.
July 22: US President Donald Trump and Filipino President Bongbong Marcos announce a new bilateral trade agreement: 19% tariff on Philippine exports, Philippines to eliminate all tariffs on American goods. US President Donald Trump and Japanese Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba announce a new trade agreement: 15% tariff on Japanese goods, Japan to increase market access for American agricultural products and ease non-tariff barriers.
July 23: South Korea's trade minister indicates that there is no written agreement on a trade deal, only an oral negotiation.
July 27: EU admits it cannot guarantee a $600 billion investment pledge to Trump.
July 29: US and China agree to extend a pause in tariffs for 90 days. Trump's deadline for Russia to act on Ukraine is reduced to "10 or 12 days."
July 30: Trump signs a presidential proclamation under Section 232 imposing a 50% tariff on a range of semi-finished copper products and copper-intensive derivative goods, effective August 1. Trump announces a 25% tariff on India, effective August 1, and an unspecified penalty for importing Russian oil. Trump signs an Executive Order to end the de minimis exemption globally on August 29. Trump exempts several Brazilian exports from tariffs and extends the implementation deadline to August 8. Trump announces a trade deal with South Korea was accomplished, imposing 15% tariffs on South Korean goods since August 1.
July 31: Oral arguments are scheduled for a legal challenge to Trump's IEEPA tariffs. Trump signs orders to resume country-specific "reciprocal" tariffs on August 7, but suspends new tariffs on Mexican goods for 90 days.
Future
August 1: New US tariffs on EU, Mexico, Canada, Copper commence. New US tariffs on India take effect. New US tariffs on South Korea take effect.
August 7: Country-specific "reciprocal" tariffs are expected to resume.
August 8: Tariffs on non-exempt Brazilian goods take effect.
August 12: Chinese tariff pause (30% US tariff, 10% Chinese tariff) expires.
August 29: De minimis exemption for all countries ends.
January 1, 2026: Tariffs on lithium-ion non-electrical vehicle batteries, medical gloves, natural graphite, and permanent magnets imported from China increase to 25% under the Section 301 four-year review.
July 1, 2027: The One Big Beautiful Bill Act eliminates the de minimis exemption for all countries.
Resources
For more details on the rationale behind these measures, refer to:
